Chú thích Thuốc_giảm_đau_nhóm_opioid

  1. ↑ Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. (2013). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print (bằng tiếng Anh). Elsevier Health Sciences. tr. 253. ISBN 1437716792. Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists). 
  2. ↑ Benzon, Honorio; Raja, Srinivasa N.; Fishman, Scott E.; Liu, Spencer; Cohen, Steven P. (2011). Essentials of Pain Medicine (bằng tiếng Anh). Elsevier Health Sciences. tr. 85. ISBN 1437735932. 
  3. ↑ Offermanns, Stefan (2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology (bằng tiếng Anh) 1 (ấn bản 2). Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 903. ISBN 9783540389163. In the strict sense, opiates are drugs derived from opium and include the natural products morphine, codeine, thebaine and many semi-synthetic congeners derived from them. In the wider sense, opiates are morphine-like drugs with non peptidic structures. The older term opiates is now more and more replaced by the term opioids which applies to any substance, whether endogenous or synthetic, peptidic or non-peptidic, that produces morphine-like effects through action on opioid receptors. 
  4. ↑ Freye, Enno (2008). “Part II. Mechanism of action of opioids and clinical effects”. Opioids in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review on the Mode of Action and the Use of Analgesics in Different Clinical Pain States (bằng tiếng Anh). Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 85. ISBN 9781402059476. Opiate is a specific term that is used to describe drugs (natural and semi-synthetic) derived from the juice of the opium poppy. For example morphine is an opiate but methadone (a completely synthetic drug) is not. Opioid is a general term that includes naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, and synthetic drugs, which produce their effects by combining with opioid receptors and are competitively antagonized by nalaxone. In this context the term opioid refers to opioid agonists, opioid antagonists, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors. 
  5. ↑ Stromgaard, Kristian; Krogsgaard-Larsen, Povl; Madsen, Ulf (2009). Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Fourth Edition (bằng tiếng Anh). CRC Press. ISBN 9781439882405. 
  6. 1 2 Thuốc giảm đau nhóm opioid, nidqc
  7. ↑ Codein phosphat, dieutri
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